PSYCHOLOGY OF COUNSELING

According to The Society of Counseling Psychology, a division of The American Psychological Association, counseling psychology is:
A general practice and health service provider specialty in professional psychology. Counseling psychology focuses upon personal and interpersonal functioning across the life span and on emotional, social. vocational, educational, health-related, developmental and organizational concerns. It centers on typical or normal developmental issues as well as atypical or disordered development as it applies to human experience from individual, family, group, systems and organizational perspectives.
The Society of Counseling Psychology also note that counseling psychologists help people with physical, emotional and mental disorders improve well-being, alleviate distress and maladjustment, and resolve crises. Practitioners in the professional specialty also provide assessment, diagnosis and treatment of psychopathology.Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that encompasses research and applied work in several broad domains: counseling process and outcome; supervision and training; career development and counseling; and prevention and health. Some unifying themes among counseling psychologists include a focus on assets and strengths, person–environment interactions, educational and career development, brief interactions, and a focus on intact personalities.In the United States, the premier scholarly journals of the profession are the Journal of Counseling Psychology and The Counseling Psychologist.
In Europe, the scholarly journals of the profession include the European Journal of Counselling Psychology (under the auspices of the European Association of Counselling Psychology) and the Counselling Psychology Review (under the auspices of the British Psychological Society).Counselling Psychology Quarterly is an international interdisciplinary publication of Routledge (part of the Taylor & Francis Group).
In the U.S., counseling psychology programs are accredited by the American Psychological Association (APA), while counseling programs are accredited through the Counsel for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). In all 50 states, counselors can be licensed at the masters degree level, once meeting the state and national criteria. To become licensed as a counseling psychologist, one must meet the criteria for licensure as a psychologist. Both doctoral level counseling psychologists and doctoral level counselors can perform both applied work, as well as research and teaching.
These notes are according to all great Psychologist.

PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATIONAL

Educational psychology involves the study of how people learn, including topics such as student outcomes, the instructional process, individual differences in learning, gifted learners and learning disabilities.This Psychology involves not just the learning process of early childhood and adolescence, but includes the social, emotional and cognitive processes that are involved in learning throughout the entire lifespan. The field of educational psychology incorporates a number of other disciplines.
Educational psychology is the study of how humans learn in educational settings, the effectiveness of educational interventions, the psychology of teaching, and the social psychology of schools as organizations. Educational psychology is concerned with how students learn and develop, often focusing on subgroups such as gifted children and those subject to specific disabilities. Although the terms "educational psychology" and "school psychology" are often used interchangeably, researchers and theorists are likely to be identified in the US and Canada as educational psychologists, whereas practitioners in schools or school-related settings are identified as school psychologists. This distinction is however not made in the UK, where the generic term for practitioners is "educational psychologist."
Educational psychology can in part be understood through its relationship with other disciplines. It is informed primarily by psychology, bearing a relationship to that discipline analogous to the relationship between medicine and biology. Educational psychology in turn informs a wide range of specialities within educational studies, including instructional design, educational technology, curriculum development, organizational learning, special education and classroom management. Educational psychology both draws from and contributes to cognitive science and the learning sciences. In universities, departments of educational psychology are usually housed within faculties of education, possibly accounting for the lack of representation of educational psychology content in introductory psychology textbooks.

PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORTS

Sports Psychology is the study and application of the attitudes and behaviors of athletes (including team athletes) that impact (either positively or negatively) performance in sports and/or competitive settings.  The goal of sports psychology is to help athletes and teams identify unhealthy attitudes and beliefs, apply mental toughness skills and peak performance strategies to perform at optimal levels.
Sports psychology can help team athletes by enhancing confidence, improving focus, increasing practice efficiency, and building team. We can also help the slumping team identify why performance is below potential and how implementing mental game strategies can positively impact performance.

What is mental game or mental toughness coaching?
Mental Game Coaching (also known as mental toughness training) is the practical aspect of sports psychology.  Mental toughness training helps athletes by working through mental barriers, such as confidence, concentration (focus) or composure related issues.  It requires replacing unhealthy attitudes and beliefs with more healthy ones to achieve peak performance in sports.

What does it mean to be "in the zone"?
Being "in the zone" is desired goal of sports psychology coaching.  It is defined as having a higher level of concentration and being totally engrossed in an endeavor to the point where time almost stands still and outside distractions almost disappear. At some point, whether in sports or not, most people have experienced being so deep into concentration that outside distractions seem to disappear. 
Finding the mental "triggers" that can help an athlete enter the zone and learning to stay in the zone are the prerequisites for any successful athletic performance.

What is the difference between sports psychology training and traditional work with a therapist?Unlike psychotherapy, sports psychology doesn't use couches, prescribe medicines, or work with abnormal behavior. Instead, the goal of mental game coaching and/or sports psychology is  to teach athletes how to be more confident, refine focus, stay composed under pressure, practice more efficiently, and develop better pre-performance routines. The main difference between a mental game coach and a therapist is that mental game coaches work with athletes on sports performance enhancement and not personal challenges (e.g. working through a divorce, coping with an addictive behavior, etc.) or abnormal behavior (e.g. schizophrenia).

What’s the difference between a mental game/ mental toughness coach and an athletic team coach?
The difference between a mental game coach and an athletic team coach really depends on the coach. Great athletic team coaches always help to athlete.COACH PLAY THE VERY IMPORTANT ROLE IN EVERY SPORTS TEAM.They know how to help their teams identify the mental obstacles that hold them back from optimum performance, and how to implement sports psychology strategies to help the team be motivated and confident. A mental game coach specializes on mental skills for peak performance and does not work on technique (e.g. physical skills training)or fitness as would a team coach.

PSYCHOLOGY OF PARANORMAL

Most research into Paranormal Psychology has been experimental. The first Society for Psychical Research was established in London in 1882 by scientists, philosophers, classical scholars, and spiritualists. Despite continued scepticism within the scientific establishment, a chair of parapsychology was established in in 1984 at Edinburgh University, endowed by the Hungarian author Arthur Koestler.

Other societies with similar aims include the American Society of Psychical Research and the Institut Metapsychique in Paris, France. The Parapsychological Association (1957) is a professional association of research workers in this field. In 1927 a parapsychological laboratory was set up under J B RHINE at Duke University, North Carolina, which became an active centre for experimental research. In 1953, the first European professorial chair of parapsychology was founded at the University of Utrecht, the Netherlands. There are studentships in psychical research at Trinity College, Cambridge, and at New College, Oxford. In New York, the Parapsychology Foundation is a centre for publication and for the award of grants for research.

In a typical ESP experiment, subjects are divided into two groups: senders and receivers. Randomly ordered symbols on cards, drawings, or other images are presented one at a time to a sender, and a receiver tries to guess them.

In a PK experiment, the subject tries to cause or influence a physical event, such as the fall of a mechanically released die (making it come up six, for example) or a particular movement of a light appearing in a ring of lamps in a random-event generator (apparatus in which lamps are lit at random by, for example, the emission of electrons from a radioactive source).

Many ingeniously devised experiments have been carried out to demonstrate the existence of psi, the faculty allegedly responsible for such phenomena, but the data are disputable and the evidence, therefore, remains inconclusive. There have also been investigations of recurrent paranormal phenomena such as alleged hauntings, poltergeist manifestations, and mental and physical mediumship.

PSYCHOLOGY OF CHILD

More than two hours a day spent watching television or playing computer games could put a child at greater risk for psychological problems, suggests a new study. British researchers found the effect held regardless of how active kids were during the rest of the day. "We know that physical activity is good for both physical and mental health in children and there is some evidence that screen viewing is associated with negative behaviors," lead researcher Dr. Angie Page of the University of Bristol told Reuters Health in an e-mail. "But it wasn't clear whether having high physical activity levels would 'compensate' for high levels of screen viewing in children." Page and her colleagues studied more than 1,000 kids between the ages of 10 and 11. Over seven days, the children filled out a questionnaire reporting how much time they spent daily in front of a television or computer and answering questions describing their mental state -- including emotional, behavioral, and peer-related problems. Meanwhile, an accelerometer measured their physical activity. The odds of significant psychological difficulties were about 60 percent higher for children spending longer than two hours a day in front of either screen compared with kids exposed to less screen time, the researchers report in the journal Pediatrics. For children with more than two hours of both types of screen time during the day.
According to professor of psychology Rudolph S who has written extensively on the subject, child psychology is the scientific study of children's behavior and development.
Schaffer notes that a child psychologist attempts to describe and explain children's behavior and the way it changes over time and that the aim of child psychology is to assemble an objective knowledge base that can provide insight into both the nature of childhood generally as well as the distinctive charactersitics of individual children.

These notes are according to all great Psychologist